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1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Own ship's heading can be determined by decoding the data in the carrier
frequency in addition to ordinary GPS parameters. In principle, a pair of two
antennas A1(ref) and A2(fore), each connected with an associated GPS engine
and processor, are installed along the ship's fore-and-aft line. GPS systems at
A1 and A2 calculate the range and azimuth to the satellite. Difference in range
between A1 and A2 is ∆λ + nλ where λ is 19 cm. “n” is automatically found
during the initialization stage by receiving three satellites. A fraction of a carrier
wavelength, ∆λ, is processed by FURUNO’s advanced kinematic technology in
geographical survey, thus determining a vector (range and orientation) A1 to A2.
In reality, a third antenna is used to reduce the influence of pitch, roll and yaw,
and five satellites are processed to process 3D data. If the GPS signal is blocked
by a tall building or the vessel is under a bridge, the 3-axis solid-state angular
rate gyros in the processor unit take place of the satellite compass, maintaining
the current heading continuously.
Heading
θ
Antenna A1
Antenna A2
Antenna A3
Difference between the
range from satellite to
antenna 1 and the range
to antenna 2.
nλ
∆λ
λ
Fore-and-aft line
Vector to decide heading
Principle of satellite compass operation