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1.2.5 Program Development Stages and Tools ....................... 1–25
1.3 Developing Programs on OpenVMS Alpha ......................... 1–27
1.3.1 Creating a Compaq COBOL Program on OpenVMS Alpha ......... 1–27
1.3.2 Compiling a Compaq COBOL Program on OpenVMS Alpha ........ 1–29
1.3.2.1 Format of the COBOL Command on OpenVMS Alpha .......... 1–29
1.3.2.2 Compiling Multiple Files ................................ 1–30
1.3.2.3 Debugging a Program .................................. 1–30
1.3.2.4 Separately Compiled Programs ........................... 1–31
1.3.2.5 COBOL Qualifiers . .................................... 1–31
1.3.2.6 Common Command-Line Errors to Avoid . ................... 1–35
1.3.2.7 Compiling Programs with Conditional Compilation . ........... 1–36
1.3.2.8 Interpreting Messages from the Compiler ................... 1–36
1.3.2.9 Using Compiler Listing Files ............................ 1–38
1.3.3 Linking a Compaq COBOL Program .......................... 1–39
1.3.3.1 The LINK Command ................................... 1–39
1.3.3.2 LINK Qualifiers . . .................................... 1–40
1.3.3.3 Specifying Modules Other than Compaq COBOL Modules ....... 1–40
1.3.3.4 Specifying Object Module Libraries ........................ 1–41
1.3.3.5 Creating Shareable Images . . ............................ 1–43
1.3.3.6 Interpreting Messages from the Linker . ................... 1–47
1.3.4 Running a Compaq COBOL Program ......................... 1–48
1.3.4.1 Accessing Command-Line Arguments at Run Time . ........... 1–48
1.3.4.2 Accessing System Logicals at Run Time . ................... 1–49
1.3.4.3 Accessing Input and Output Devices at Run Time . . ........... 1–50
1.3.4.4 Debugging Environment ................................ 1–50
1.3.4.5 Interpreting Run-Time Messages ......................... 1–51
1.4 Program Run Messages . . . .................................... 1–52
1.4.1 Data Errors . ............................................ 1–52
1.4.2 Program Logic Errors . . .................................... 1–53
1.4.3 Run-Time Input/Output Errors . . ............................ 1–54
1.4.4 I/O Errors and RMS (OpenVMS) . ............................ 1–55
1.5 Using Program Switches . . .................................... 1–59
1.5.1 Setting and Controlling Switches Internally . ................... 1–60
1.5.2 Setting and Controlling Switches Externally ................... 1–60
1.6 Special Information for Year 2000 Programming . ................... 1–62
2 Handling Numeric Data
2.1 How the Compiler Stores Numeric Data .......................... 2–1
2.2 Specifying Alignment ......................................... 2–1
2.3 Sign Conventions ............................................ 2–2
2.4 Invalid Values in Numeric Items ................................ 2–2
2.5 Evaluating Numeric Items . .................................... 2–3
2.5.1 Numeric Relation Test . .................................... 2–3
2.5.2 Numeric Sign Test ........................................ 2–4
2.5.3 Numeric Class Tests . . . .................................... 2–4
2.5.4 Success/Failure Tests . . .................................... 2–5
2.6 Using the MOVE Statement ................................... 2–6
2.6.1 Elementary Numeric Moves ................................. 2–6
2.6.2 Elementary Numeric-Edited Moves ........................... 2–7
2.6.3 Subscripted Moves ........................................ 2–9
2.6.4 Common Move Errors . .................................... 2–9
2.7 Using the Arithmetic Statements ................................ 2–9
2.7.1 Temporary Work Items . .................................... 2–9
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