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HP E1312A/E1412A Multimeter Application Information 25Chapter 2
Chapter 2
HP E1312A/E1412A Multimeter Application
Information
Using This Chapter
This chapter provides multimeter application information in five parts.
• Measurement Tutorial.
• Measurement Configuration.
• Math Operations.
• Triggering the Multimeter.
• HP E1312A and HP E1412A Multimeter Application Examples.
Measurement Tutorial
The HP E1312A and HP E1412A are capable of making highly accurate
measurements. In order to achieve the greatest accuracy, you must take the
necessary steps to eliminate potential measurement errors. This section
describes common errors found in measurements and gives suggestions to
help you avoid these errors.
DC Voltage Measurements
Thermal EMF
Errors
Thermoelectric voltages are the most common source of error in low-level
dc voltage measurements. Thermoelectric voltages are generated when you
make circuit connections using dissimilar metals at different temperatures.
Each metal-to-metal junction forms a thermocouple, which generates a
voltage proportional to the junction temperature. You should take the
necessary precautions to minimize thermocouple voltages and temperature
variations in low-level voltage measurements. The best connections are
formed using copper-to-copper crimped connections. Table 2-1 shows
common thermoelectric voltages for connections between dissimilar metals.